Chest CT Findings that Mimics Covid 19 Pneumonia: Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31033/ijrasb.9.2.5Keywords:
Super-infection/co-infection., COVID-19 pneumonia, CT findingsAbstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in early December 2019 in China, as an acute lower respiratory tract infection and spread rapidly worldwide being declared a pandemic in March 2020. Chest-computed tomography (CT) has been utilized in different clinical settings of COVID-19 patients; however, COVID-19 imaging appearance is highly variable and nonspecific. Indeed, many pulmonary infections and non-infectious diseases can show similar CT findings and mimic COVID-19 pneumonia. In this review, we discuss clinical conditions that share a similar imaging appearance with COVID-19 pneumonia, to identify imaging and clinical characteristics useful in the differential diagnosi Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in early December 2019 in China, as an acute lower respiratory tract infection and spread rapidly worldwide being declared a pandemic in March 2020. Chest-computed tomography (CT) has been utilized in different clinical settings of COVID-19 patients; however, COVID-19 imaging appearance is highly variable and nonspecific. Indeed, many pulmonary infections and non-infectious diseases can show similar CT findings and mimic COVID-19 pneumonia. In this review, we discuss clinical conditions that share a similar imaging appearance with COVID-19 pneumonia, to identify imaging and clinical characteristics useful in the differential diagnosi Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in early December 2019 in China, as an acute lower respiratory tract infection and spread rapidly worldwide being declared a pandemic in March 2020. Chest-computed tomography (CT) has been utilized in different clinical settings of COVID-19 patients; however, COVID-19 imaging appearance is highly variable and nonspecific. Indeed, many pulmonary infections and non-infectious diseases can show similar CT findings and mimic COVID-19 pneumonia. In this review, we discuss clinical conditions that share a similar imaging appearance with COVID-19 pneumonia, to identify imaging and clinical characteristics useful in the differential diagnosi Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in early December 2019 in China, as an acute lower respiratory tract infection and spread rapidly worldwide being declared a pandemic in March 2020. Chest-computed tomography (CT) has been utilized in different clinical settings of COVID-19 patients; however, COVID-19 imaging appearance is highly variable and nonspecific.
Indeed, many pulmonary infections and non-infectious diseases can show similar CT findings and mimic COVID-19 pneumonia. In this review, we discuss clinical conditions that share a similar imaging appearance with COVID-19 pneumonia, to identify imaging and clinical characteristics useful in the differential diagnosi Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in early December 2019 in China, as an acute lower respiratory tract infection and spread rapidly worldwide being declared a pandemic in March 2020. Chest-computed tomography (CT) has been utilized in different clinical settings of COVID-19 patients; however, COVID-19 imaging appearance is highly variable and nonspecific. Indeed, many pulmonary infections and non-infectious diseases can show similar CT findings and mimic COVID-19 pneumonia. In this review, we discuss clinical conditions that share a similar imaging appearance with COVID-19 pneumonia, to identify imaging and clinical characteristics useful in the differential diagnosis Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in early December 2019 in China, as an acute lower respiratory tract infection and spread rapidly worldwide being declared a pandemic in March 2020. Chest-computed tomography (CT) has been utilized in different clinical settings of COVID-19 patients; however, COVID-19 imaging appearance is highly variable and nonspecific.
Indeed, many pulmonary infections and non-infectious diseases can show similar CT findings and mimic COVID-19 pneumonia. In this review, we discuss clinical conditions that share a similar imaging appearance with COVID-19 pneumonia, to identify imaging and clinical characteristics useful in the differential diagnosis Coronavirus epidemic 2019, known as (COVID-19) first appeared in China early December 2019 like an acute lower respiratory system illness as well as quickly expanded around the globe, eventually becoming a global in March 2020. COVID-19 individuals have undergone chest computed tomography (CT) in a variety of therapeutic settings; nonetheless, the look of COVID-19 scanning is very varied or vague. Several lung illnesses, such as bacterial pneumonia, A-typical bacterial pneumonias, viral pneumonia, fungal infection, and hypersensitivity pneumonia Super-infection/co-infection, might resemble COVID-19 pneumonia in CT. Inside this study, we detected or treated which have comparable visual appearances with COVID-19 pneumonia through order to obtain image and medical features that might help with diagnostic process.
Downloads
References
Hansell DM, Bankier AA, MacMahon H, McLoud TC, Müller NL, Remy J. Fleischner Society: Glossary of terms for thoracic imaging. Vol. 246, Radiology. Radiology; 2008. p. 697–722 -
Han R, Huang L, Jiang H, Dong J, Peng H, Zhang D. Early clinical and CT manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. Am J Roentgenol. 2020;215(2):338–343. -
Bai HX, Hsieh B, Xiong Z, Halsey K, Choi JW, Tran TML, Pan I, Shi LB, Wang DC, Mei J, Jiang XL, Zeng QH, Egglin TK, Hu PF, Agarwal S, Xie FF, Li S, Healey T, Atalay MK, Liao WH. Performance of radiologists in differentiating COVID-19 from non-COVID-19 viral pneumonia at chest CT. Radiology. 2020;296(2):E46–E54.
Simpson S, Kay FU, Abbara S, Bhalla S, Chung JH, Chung M, et al. Radiological Society of North America Expert Consensus Statement on Reporting Chest⁣ CT Findings Related to COVID-19. Endorsed by the Society of Thoracic Radiology, the American College of Radiology, and RSNA. J Thorac Imaging. 2020;35(4)
Léonard-Lorant I, Delabranche X, Séverac F, Helms J, Pauzet C, Collange O, Schneider F, Labani A, Bilbault P, Molière S, Leyendecker P, Roy C, Ohana M. Acute pulmonary embolism in patients with COVID-19 at CT angiography and relationship to d-dimer levels. Radiology. 2020;296(3):E189–E191.
Adams HJA, Kwee TC, Yakar D, Hope MD, Kwee RM. Chest CT Imaging Signature of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection: In Pursuit of the Scientific Evidence. Chest. 2020;
Vilar J, Domingo ML, Soto C, Cogollos J. Radiology of bacterial pneumonia. Eur J Radiol. 2004;51(2):102–113. -
Niederman MS, Mandell LA, Anzueto A, Bass JB, Broughton WA, Campbell GD, et al. Guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia diagnosis, assessment of severity, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention. Vol. 163, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. American Lung Association; 2001. p. 1730–54 -
Wagner AL, Szabunio M, Hazlett KS, Wagner SG. Radiologic manifestations of round pneumonia in adults. Am J Roentgenol. 1998;170(3):723–726. -
Lim WS, Macfarlane JT, Boswell TCJ, Harrison TG, Rose D, Leinonen M, Saikku P. Study of community acquired pneumonia aetiology (SCAPA) in adults admitted to hospital: implications for management guidelines. Thorax. 2001;56(4):296–301.
Marik PE. Aspiration pneumonitis and aspiration pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(9):665–671. -
Höffken G, Niederman MS. Nosocomial pneumonia: The importance of a de-escalating strategy for antibiotic treatment of pneumonia in the ICU. Vol. 122, Chest. American College of Chest Physicians; 2002. p. 2183–96 -
Chastre J, Fagon JY. Ventilator-associated pneumonia. Vol. 165, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. American Thoracic Society; 2002. p. 867–903 -
Koo HJ, Lim S, Choe J, Choi SH, Sung H, Do KH. Radiographic and CT features of viral pneumonia. Vol. 38, Radiographics. Radiological Society of North America Inc.; 2018. p. 719–39 -
Cereser L, Dallorto A, Candoni A, Volpetti S, Righi E, Zuiani C, et al. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia at chest High-resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT)in non-HIV immunocompromised patients: Spectrum of findings and mimickers. Vol. 116, European Journal of Radiology. Elsevier Ireland Ltd; 2019. p. 116–27 -
Yin Z, Kang Z, Yang D, Ding S, Luo H, Xiao E. A comparison of clinical and chest CT findings in patients with influenza a (H1N1) virus infection and coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Am J Roentgenol. 2020;215(5):1–7. -
Liu M, Zeng W, Wen Y, Zheng Y, Lv F, Xiao K. COVID-19 pneumonia: CT findings of 122 patients and differentiation from influenza pneumonia. Eur Radiol. 2020;30(10):5463–5469.
Li X, Fang X, Bian Y, Lu J. Comparison of chest CT findings between COVID-19 pneumonia and other types of viral pneumonia: a two-center retrospective study. Eur Radiol. 2020;30(10):5470–5478.
Roshkovan L, Chatterjee N, Galperin-Aizenberg M, Gupta N, Shah R, Barbosa EM, et al. The Role of Imaging in the Management of Suspected or Known COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Multidisciplinary Perspective. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2020 Oct 6; -
Kanne JP, Yandow DR, Meyer CA. Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia: High-resolution CT findings in patients with and without HIV infection. Vol. 198, American Journal of Roentgenology. AJR Am J Roentgenol; 2012 -
Roux A, Gonzalez F, Roux M, Mehrad M, Menotti J, Zahar JR, et al. Update on pulmonary Pneumocystis jirovecii infection in non-HIV patients. Vol. 44, Medecine et Maladies Infectieuses. Elsevier Masson SAS; 2014. p. 185–98 -
Hardak E, Brook O, Yigla M. Radiological features of pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in immunocompromised patients with and without AIDS. Lung. 2010;188(2):159–163. -
Raghu G, Remy-Jardin M, Ryerson CJ, Myers JL, Kreuter M, Vasakova M, Bargagli E, Chung JH, Collins BF, Bendstrup E, Chami HA, Chua AT, Corte TJ, Dalphin JC, Danoff SK, Diaz-Mendoza J, Duggal A, Egashira R, Ewing T, Gulati M, Inoue Y, Jenkins AR, Johannson KA, Johkoh T, Tamae-Kakazu M, Kitaichi M, Knight SL, Koschel D, Lederer DJ, Mageto Y, Maier LA, Matiz C, Morell F, Nicholson AG, Patolia S, Pereira CA, Renzoni EA, Salisbury ML, Selman M, Walsh SLF, Wuyts WA, Wilson KC. Diagnosis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis in adults. An official ATS/JRS/ALAT clinical practice guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;202(3):e36–e69.
Churg A, Muller NL, Flint J, Wright JL. Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Am J Surg Pathol. 2006;30(2):201–208. -
Salisbury ML, Gu T, Murray S, Gross BH, Chughtai A, Sayyouh M, Kazerooni EA, Myers JL, Lagstein A, Konopka KE, Belloli EA, Sheth JS, White ES, Holtze C, Martinez FJ, Flaherty KR. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: radiologic phenotypes are associated with distinct survival time and pulmonary function trajectory. Chest. 2019;155(4):699–711.
Mooney JJ, Elicker BM, Urbania TH, Agarwal MR, Ryerson CJ, Nguyen MLT, Woodruff PG, Jones KD, Collard HR, King TE, Jr, Koth LL. Radiographic fibrosis score predicts survival in hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Chest. 2013;144(2):586–592.
MB B, TJ F, JR G, B G, WD T. Acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia: a histological pattern of lung injury and possible variant of diffuse alveolar damage. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2002;126(9) -
Travis WD, Costabel U, Hansell DM, King TE, Lynch DA, Nicholson AG, et al. An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: update of the international multidisciplinary classification of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;188(6):733–748.
Gomes R, Padrão E, Dabó H, Soares Pires F, Mota P, Melo N, et al. Acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia: A report of 13 cases in a tertiary university hospital. Med (United States). 2016 Jul 1;95(27)
Kim JY, Doo KW, Jang HJ. Acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia: imaging features, pathologic correlation, and brief literature review✰. Radiol Case Reports. 2018;13(4):867–870.
Johkoh T, Fukuoka J, Tanaka T. Rare idiopathic intestinal pneumonias (IIPs) and histologic patterns in new ATS/ERS multidisciplinary classification of the IIPs. Eur J Radiol. 2015;84(3):542–546. -
Bernheim A, McLoud T. A review of clinical and imaging findings in eosinophilic lung diseases. Vol. 208, American Journal of Roentgenology. American Roentgen Ray Society; 2017. p. 1002–10 -
Allen JN, Pacht ER, Gadek JE, Davis WB. Acute eosinophilic pneumonia as a reversible cause of noninfectious respiratory failure. N Engl J Med. 1989;321(9):569–574. -
De Giacomi F, Decker PA, Vassallo R, Ryu JH. Acute eosinophilic pneumonia: correlation of clinical characteristics with underlying cause. Chest. 2017;152(2):379–385. -
Komiya K, Teramoto S, Kawashima M, Kurosaki Y, Shoji S, Hebisawa A. A case of acute eosinophilic pneumonia following short-term passive smoking:an evidence of very high level of urinary cotinine. Allergol Int. 2010;59(4):421–423. -
Buchheit J, Eid N, Rodgers G, Feger T, Yakoub O. Acute eosinophilic pneumonia with respiratory failure: A new syndrome? In: American Review of Respiratory Disease. Am Rev Respir Dis; 1992. p. 716–8 -
Allen J. Acute eosinophilic pneumonia. Vol. 27, Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. Semin Respir Crit Care Med; 2006. p. 142–7 -
Rhee CK, Min KH, Yim NY, Lee JE, Lee NR, Chung MP, Jeon K. Clinical characteristics and corticosteroid treatment of acute eosinophilic pneumonia. Eur Respir J. 2013;41(2):402–409. -
De Giacomi F, Vassallo R, Yi ES, Ryu JH. Acute eosinophilic pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;197(6):728–736. -
Suzuki Y, Suda T. Eosinophilic pneumonia: A review of the previous literature, causes, diagnosis, and management. Vol. 68, Allergology International. Japanese Society of Allergology; 2019. p. 413–9 -
Lara AR, Schwarz MI. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. Vol. 137, Chest. American College of Chest Physicians; 2010. p. 1164–71 -
Lichtenberger JP, Digumarthy SR, Abbott GF, Shepard JAO, Sharma A. Diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage: clues to the diagnosis. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 2014;43(3):128–139. -
Zamora MR, Warner ML, Tuder R, Schwarz MI. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage and systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical presentation, histology, survival, and outcome. Medicine (Baltimore) 1997;76(3):192–202. -
Gluecker T, Capasso P, Schnyder P, Gudinchet F, Schaller MD, Revelly JP, Chiolero R, Vock P, Wicky S. Clinical and radiologic features of pulmonary edema. Radiographics. 1999;19(6):1507–1531. -
Hewitt MG, Miller WT, Reilly TJ, Simpson S. The relative frequencies of causes of widespread ground-glass opacity: a retrospective cohort. Eur J Radiol. 2014;83(10):1970–1976. -
Nowers K, Rasband JD, Berges G, Gosselin M. Approach to ground-glass opacification of the lung. Semin Ultrasound CT MRI. 2002;23(4):302–323. -
Klimek M. Pulmonary lymphangitis carcinomatosis: systematic review and meta-analysis of case reports, 1970–2018. Vol. 131, Postgraduate Medicine. Taylor and Francis Inc.; 2019. p. 309–18 -
Bruce DM, Heys SDEO. Lymphangitis carcinomatosa: a literature review. J R Coll Surg Edinb. 1996;41(1):7–13. -
Digumarthy SR, Fischman AJ, Kwek BH, Aquino SL. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography pattern of pulmonary lymphangitic carcinomatosis. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2005;29(3):346–349. -
Moubax K, Wuyts W, Vandecaveye V, Prenen H. Pulmonary lymphangitic carcinomatosis as a primary manifestation of gastric carcinoma in a young adult: A case report and review of the literature. Vol. 5, BMC Research Notes. BMC Res Notes; 2012
Brander L, Reil A, Bux J, Taleghani BM, Regli B, Takala J. Severe transfusion-related acute lung injury. Anesth Analg. 2005;101(2):499–501. -
Triulzi DJ. Transfusion-related acute lung injury: current concepts for the clinician. Anesth Analg. 2009;108(3):770–776. -
Antoniou KM, Wells AU. Acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Vol. 86, Respiration. Respiration; 2013. p. 265–74 -
Kolb M, Bondue B, Pesci A, Miyazaki Y, Song JW, Bhatt NY, et al. Acute exacerbations of progressive-fibrosing interstitial lung diseases. Vol. 27, European Respiratory Review. European Respiratory Society; 2018 -
Park IN, Kim DS, Shim TS, Lim CM, Do LS, Koh Y, et al. Acute exacerbation of interstitial pneumonia other than idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest. 2007;132(1):214–220.
Kim DS, Park JH, Park BK, Lee JS, Nicholson AG, Colby T. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: frequency and clinical features. Eur Respir J. 2006;27(1):143–150. -
Churg A, Wright JL, Tazelaar HD. Acute exacerbations of fibrotic interstitial lung disease. Vol. 58, Histopathology. Histopathology; 2011. p. 525–30 -
Collard HR, Moore BB, Flaherty KR, Brown KK, Kaner RJ, King TE, et al. Acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Vol. 176, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. Am J Respir Crit Care Med; 2007. p. 636–43
Akira M, Kozuka T, Yamamoto S, Sakatani M. Computed tomography findings in acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;178(4):372–378. -
Fujimoto K, Taniguchi H, Johkoh T, Kondoh Y, Ichikado K, Sumikawa H, Ogura T, Kataoka K, Endo T, Kawaguchi A, Müller NL Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: High-resolution CT scores predict mortality. Vol. 22, European Radiology. Eur Radiol; 2012. p. 83–92 -
Kligerman S, Raptis C, Larsen B, Henry TS, Caporale A, Tazelaar H, et al. Radiologic, pathologic, clinical, and physiologic findings of electronic cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI): Evolving knowledge and remaining questions. Vol. 294, Radiology. Radiological Society of North America Inc.; 2020. p. 491–505 -
Henry TS, Kligerman SJ, Raptis CA, Mann H, Sechrist JW, Kanne JP. Imaging findings of vaping-associated lung injury. Am J Roentgenol. 2020;214(3):498–505. -
O’Laughlin K, Pomeroy M, Atti SK, Freed J, Johnson J, McLanahan E, Varela K, Layden J, Meiman J, Roth NM, Browning D, Delaney A, Olson S, Hodges DF, Smalley R, Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists Vaping-Associated Pulmonary Injury (VAPI) Epidemiology Task Force Update: interim guidance for health care providers evaluating and caring for patients with suspected E-cigarette, or vaping, product use associated lung injury — United States, October 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68(41):919–927.
MacMurdo M, Lin C, Saeedan M Bin, Doxtader EE, Mukhopadhyay S, Arrossi V, et al. e-Cigarette or Vaping Product Use-Associated Lung Injury: Clinical, Radiologic, and Pathologic Findings of 15 Cases. In: Chest. Elsevier Inc; 2020. p. e181–7 -
Ellis SJ, Cleverley JR, Muller NL. Drug-induced lung disease: High-resolution CT findings. In: American Journal of Roentgenology. American Roentgen Ray Society; 2000. p. 1019–24 -
Sakai F, Johkoh T, Kusumoto M, Arakawa H, Takahashi M. Drug-induced interstitial lung disease in molecular targeted therapies: High-resolution CT findings. Vol. 17, International Journal of Clinical Oncology. Int J Clin Oncol; 2012. p. 542–50.
Song F, Shi N, Shan F, Zhang Z, Shen J, Lu H, Ling Y, Jiang Y, Shi Y. Emerging 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-NCoV) pneumonia. Radiology. 2020;295(1):210–217.
WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard | WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard [Internet]. [cited 2020 Oct 11]. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/info
Fang Y, Zhang H, Xie J, Lin M, Ying L, Pang P, et al. Sensitivity of chest CT for COVID-19: Comparison to RT-PCR. Vol. 296, Radiology. Radiological Society of North America Inc.; 2020. p. E115–7
Huang P, Liu T, Huang L, Liu H, Lei M, Xu W, et al. Use of chest CT in combination with negative RT-PCR assay for the 2019 novel coronavirus but high clinical suspicion. Vol. 295, Radiology. Radiological Society of North America Inc.; 2020. p. 22–3.
Xie X, Zhong Z, Zhao W, Zheng C, Wang F, Liu J. Chest CT for typical coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia: relationship to negative RT-PCR testing. Radiology. 2020;296(2):E41–E45.
Kim H, Hong H, Ho YS. Diagnostic performance of ct and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for coronavirus disease 2019: a meta-analysis. Radiology. 2020;296(3):E145–E155.
Ai T, Yang Z, Hou H, Zhan C, Chen C, Lv W, Tao Q, Sun Z, Xia L. Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a report of 1014 cases. Radiology. 2020;296(2):E32–E40.
Litmanovich DE, Chung M, R. R. Kirkbride, Kicska G, P. J. Kanne. Review of Chest Radiograph Findings of COVID-19 Pneumonia and Suggested Reporting Language. J Thorac Imaging. 2020; -
Rubin GD, Ryerson CJ, Haramati LB, Sverzellati N, Kanne JP, Raoof S, Schluger NW, Volpi A, Yim JJ, Martin IBK, Anderson DJ, Kong C, Altes T, Bush A, Desai SR, Goldin J, Goo JM, Humbert M, Inoue Y, Kauczor HU, Luo F, Mazzone PJ, Prokop M, Remy-Jardin M, Richeldi L, Schaefer-Prokop CM, Tomiyama N, Wells AU, Leung AN. The role of chest imaging in patient management during the COVID-19 pandemic: a multinational consensus statement from the Fleischner society. Chest. 2020;158(1):106–116.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
editor@ijrasb.com 