International Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology

Determination of Crude Fiber Content and Total Sugars in Correlation with the Production Process and Storage Time

Ramzija Cvrk, Halid Junuzović, Arnela Smajić-Bećić, Amela Kusur, Tijana Brčina — Mon, 02 May 2022 00:00:00 +0000

In this original scientific paper, the content of crude fiber and total sugars in three different fruit products (cherry compote, rosehip marmalade and plum jam) in correlation with the production process and storage time was examined. All tests were conducted in the Laboratory of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Tuzla. The test results showed that in all fruit products a higher content of non-reducing sugars than reducing and sucrose was recorded. Also, the highest content of crude fiber was obtained in the S5 sample for rosehip marmalade and was 1.11%, while the lowest was recorded in the S1 sample for cherry compote and was 0.011%.

Developing a Robust Tool for Quality Health Assessment of Rivers Using Optimized Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index Method: A Study on River Ganges at Varanasi in India

Sun, 22 May 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Lack of real time data with its accurate interpretation constraints the success of various river pollution mitigation and restoration programs. Different Water Quality Index (WQI) have been used for assessment of quality health of rivers yet there are limitations to each protocol. The present work aims at optimizing and developing a clear and user-friendly methodology for Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WAWQI) calculation taking River Ganga at Varanasi as case study. Fifteen sites along right and left banks of River Ganga were selected for the study. WQI indicate Gangetic water at Varanasi to be affected by higher coliform levels, altered pH and DO/BOD levels. Variations in WQI value for pre- and post-monsoon period indicate the significance of increased volume of water for mitigating pollution problems. The WAWQI values for water quality of River Ganga at Varanasi suggest site L14 on left bank and sites R10 and R11 on right bank as most polluted and unfit for drinking. The effect of dilution and the corresponding reduction in pollution correspond well with the optimized WAWQI values. It is thus recommended to use the optimized method of WAWQI calculation that essentially includes TC and BOD/DO in addition to all other water quality parameters for calculating WQI which may serve as a robust yet simple tool for assessing a comprehensive water quality and health of a river. Moreover, WAWQI based WQI shall be helpful in prioritizing areas for immediate management/policy actions towards restoration, rejuvenation and understanding of River Ganga ecosystem at Varanasi.

Gender Bias in Covid-19 Infection

Alaa Hussain Hassan, Janan M Al-Akeedi, Olla Emad Khudhair — Sun, 22 May 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a lethal respiratory infection caused by the coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome, has spread over the world. The aim was to compare between male and female patients with COVID-19 or SARS. Serum samples were obtained from 58 patients with COVID-19 infection 27 female and 31 male with age median 53.2Years and a total mean concentration of CRP 113.6 mg / L where in females the mean was 90 mg/L while in males was 109 mg/L, the highest mean were 288 mg/L in age between 70_80 years. Conclusion; CRP showed different distribution feature and existed differences in various ages and according to genus.

The Position and Function of Phonological and Morphological Vowels of (i , e) In Pashto Grammar

Puhanyar Najibullah Omari, Puhanyar Nematullah Asadi — Thu, 12 May 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Pashto language has seven vowels and two of them, out of seven are (i , e) which these vowels have property and value of phonology and morphology. Because of being new issue and valuable, hereby I am going to inquire the vowels of (i , e) as a research paper in Pashto Language, till it is researched that what characteristics do they have in Pashto language? For obtaining of this goal this article includes an introduction, subject matter, conclusion, finding of research and sources, literature review, target and with entire of regulation and standards of research, which have been researched and also because of needs research in explaining and inquiring of it, it has been used from library method.

Effects of Repeated Deep Frying on Refractive Index and Peroxide Value of Selected Vegetable Oils

Wed, 11 May 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Objectives: In preparation for deep frying, the peroxide values and refractive indices of palm, sesame, and sunflower oils were measured. The peroxide value and refractive indices of the vegetable oils used to fry white Indian potato chips in three batches were determined after each stage of deep frying. According to the findings, deep-frying significantly alters the refractive index and peroxide value of vegetable oils.

Material & Method: Medical and scientific indexing sites like PubMed and Google Scholar were used to find relevant medical and scientific articles.

Result & Discussion: Sesame palm and sunflower oil's refractive index and peroxide value do rise when fried, but not linearly. A rise in refractive index (RI) of palm oil and a rise in the RI of sunflower oil were observed following the frying of three consecutive batches. Sesame oil's refractive index remained essentially unchanged. After three deep fryings, the peroxide values of palm oil rose from 1.9948 mEq/kg to 9.3020 mEq/kg. Sunflower oil peroxide increased from 10.6359 mEq/kg to 19.3101 mEq/kg, while sesame oil peroxide increased from 3.9914 mEq/kg to 11.9555 mEq/kg after the second batch of Indian potato chips was fried and then decreased to 11.3095 mEq/kg after the third batch of Indian potato chips was fried in the oven.

Rheumatoid Arthrities: Etiology Pathophysiology and Modern Treatments

Sun, 15 May 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that affects the joints. Age, gender, genetics, and environmental exposure are all factors (cigarette smoking, air pollutants, and occupational). If untreated, felty syndrome, rheumatoid vasculitis, and irreversible joint damage might occur, necessitating splenectomy. Because there is no cure for RA, treatment seeks to reduce pain and prevent further damage.

To develop effective RA treatments, researchers must first understand how the disease advances in people and how pathogenic pathways influence this progression. Modern pharmacologic therapy have made tremendous progress in obtaining illness remission without joint deformity (including conventional and biological treatments as well as novel potential small-molecule disease-modifying drugs). Despite this, many RA patients do not respond well to conventional treatments, necessitating the development of novel drugs. This comprehensive review of current advancements covers RA causation, disease-modifying drugs, and prospective RA therapeutics. This section summarises the various RA-related therapies available in the past and now.

Wastewater Pretreatment Methods for Constructed Wetland: A Review

Dr. Surabhi Singh — Sat, 21 May 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The constructed wetland (CW) performance depends on constructed wetland, bed media, and vegetation variations. This study represents a descriptive review of wastewater methods for wetland construction. The wastewater generation includes dairy waste, textile waste, piggery waste, petrochemical waste, tannery waste, etc. This review summarizes constructed wetlands variations, including vegetation, efficiency removal, maintenance, and construction cost. The fundamental definition of CW is that it is an eco-friendly technique to remove the pollutants from the wastewater and is mostly used by petroleum refineries, municipalities, the drainage system of agriculture and so on. Earlier, multiple innovations in the microbiology field eventually correlated with wastewater contaminants removal techniques. This review provides a brief review of the CW key aspects, like the CW types, challenges, opportunities, applications, materials, the recent advances. It also covers the current-technical advancement evaluation report and frames the unsolved CW problems. The terminology on the performance metric demonstrates that the CW community is growing rapidly. This manuscript has also mentioned an outline of the future trends and research proposals.

Review of the Factors of Trust or Distrust in News Media

Shahryar Bahrooz — Thu, 19 May 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The trust of audiences in media comes from their trust in media news. Communication studies experts believe that the symbol of trust in the media should be seen in terms of increasing trust in news and media news programs. Since trust can influence general thoughts, it should be considered separately in each media organization based on the type of organization. The more citizens believe in the authenticity of a particular type of media, the more likely they are to be influenced by their thoughts. Numerous studies in the field of social psychology show that authentic sources have more persuasive power than the sources that are less trusted by their audiences.

Since the media have a mediating role in the transmission of news and information, they are a kind of link between the government and the people and have a great impact on the convergence and divergence of the people and the government. The success of any program depends entirely on gaining the trust of the people, so the effects of the media should exist in a way that can increase the coefficient of trust and confidence among the people, and if the current situation is such that this coefficient works in the opposite direction, it should think of solutions and reform. Thus, the discussion of news engineering is analyzed based on recognizing the components of building trust, but it is necessary before recognizing the audience because it is the perception of the audience and the level of their trust that creates the media reputation and determines their position.

Performance of Photovoltaic of Solar Cell Based on Natural and Synthetic Dye

Ibnu Hazar Al Haitami, Sri Mulijani, Komar Sutriah — Mon, 23 May 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Dye-sensitized photovoltaic solar cells were developed to obtain high efficiency by replacing the sensitizer, semiconductor, and modifying it with polymer electrolyte. In this study, an evaluation of natural dyes derived from sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) and synthetic dyes strawberry red was carried out to increase the efficiency of DSSC performance with the addition of anatase TiO2 nanoparticles as a semiconductor. The DSSC assembly uses natural and synthetic dyes for the applied counter electrode to obtain maximum energy conversion efficiency. The value of efficiency and other electrical parameters as photovoltaic performance is obtained by measuring the performance of the cell by considering the photoelectrochemical output and measuring current and voltage. FTIR and UV-Vis were used to determine the compounds contained in natural and synthetic dyes. Testing the crystallinity of TiO₂ anatase was measured using X-Ray Diffraction, while an atomic force microscope was used to test the surface topography of the counter-electrode plate containing dye. The result of UV-vis measurement of natural dyes shows that two maximum wavelengths of synthetic dyes are 488 nm (Brazilin), 540 nm (Brazillein), and synthetic dyes containing anthocyanins (510 nm). The XRD diffractogram revealed that TiO₂ was formed with the standard anatase phase (JCPDS) 21-1272. The surface topography of the PVSC plate shows that the dye in TiO₂ is evenly distributed. The energy efficiency conversion of synthetic dye exhibited more greater than natural dye. Thus, it can be concluded that strawberry red dye have potential as good dye sensitizers for DSSC.

Calcium and Phosphorus Supplementation Ameliorate Growth Performance and Bone Quality of Broilers Chicken in Grower Stage

Nageebullah Zafari, Zabi Ullah Afghan Nazari — Fri, 27 May 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Worldwide calcium & phosphorus are the predominant components of broiler feed supplements in their diets and caused rickets & osteomalacia due to above minerals deficiencies.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of Calcium and Phosphorus supplementation on growth performance and bone quality of broiler chicken in grower stage. A total of 80 one-day old broilers were raised for under ambient conditions for 40 consecutive days. There were 4 groups, contain 20 chicks per group, each group consist of 4 replicates of 5 chicks. Broilers were fed with 0% of calcium & phosphorus (Control), 1% of calcium & phosphorus (low dose), 2% of calcium & phosphorus (medium dose) and 3% of calcium & phosphorus (high dose) fed for 40 consecutive days. Data were analyzed using a completely randomized design. The results revealed that low dose treated group was significantly reduced body weight gain, lameness, rickets of bone, meat production and quality of bone was affected and feed consumption was at low rate. While medium dose slightly reduced body weight gains and quality of bone was good compared to low dose. Interestingly, high dose supplemented fed group gained higher body weight, good quality of bone, higher meat productions and consumed more feed compared to low and medium doses. Our findings demonstrate that, restriction in dietary calcium & phosphorus supplementation decreased body weight gain, rickets, imbalance, reduced products and impaired bone mineralization and strength with affecting growth performance.

Response of Lemon Transplants to the Addition of Organic Fertilizer to Withstand Water Stress

Ashwaq Wadi Majeed, Altifat Fadhil Altaai — Sat, 04 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +0000

This experiment was carried out in lathhouse at University of Baghdad / college of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / Department of Horticulture and Landscape design during the two season 2019 and 2020 .The experience was conducted according to Split-split plots Within Design (RCBD) By three factors, the first factor was two -irrigation Intervals (every 3, 6 days), the second factor was three of rootstock (Volcamariana, Swingle Stromelo and sour orange) and the third factor organic fertilizer, was three concentrations, which is (0, 2.5 and 5 ml. L-1 / plant). Results showed that irrigation Intervals had a significant effect It has given ( every 3 days) increase in stem diameter, number of branches, number of leaves and Percentage of dry weight in branches. The citrus rootstock has exceeded with each other in the mentioned characteristics, while the organic fertilizer, has a significant effect in all the mentioned characteristics, as the concentration of 5 gm L-1 exceeds the treatment without adding fertilizer for the two seasons in respectively.

Total Ionization Cross Sections Due to Electron Impact of Carbon Tetrachloride

Amrita, Kiran Pal, Yogesh Kumar, Mahendra Kumar, Pramod Kumar — Sat, 04 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +0000

In present article, we have employed modified Khare-BEB model to calculate the electron impact ionization cross section for carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) from ionization threshold to 10 MeV. We also calculated the collisional parameters C_RP and . At relativistic energies, the present calculations for ionization cross sections of carbon tetracloride are first calculations in the best of our knowledge. The calculated cross sections were compared with available experimental data. A good agreement was found among the present results, other previous calculations, and experimental data.

PACS: 34.50

Memory Enhancing Activity of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) , Its Treatments in Dementia and Alzheimers Disease

Sujata R. Jagtap, Sagar Laxman Pol, Sampada S. Bhosale, Dr. Vilasrao J. Kadam — Sun, 05 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +0000

As people live longer, they are becoming more susceptible to age-related ailments. Dementia patients throughout the world are crying out for better treatments, but the ones currently on the market do not meet those demands. Natural compounds, which have been used in traditional medicine due to their good effects and high tolerance, have recently grabbed the attention of the scientific community. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has been shown to have anti-and anti-anti-vascular Alzheimer's dementia properties, two of the most common and devastating dementias. On Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia models and in some human trials, ginger compounds were found to be therapeutic. These studies all point to a role for Ginger in both the treatment and prevention of this illness. Most people with Alzheimer's (AD) notice a decline in their cognitive abilities, although it is a neurological condition that affects the elderly in particular.Amyloid-beta buildup and tau hyperphosphorylation, as well as a lack of neurotransmitter balance, as well as cell death and inflammation, all contribute to the development of this disease. Finding new Alzheimer's disease medicines that can also alleviate side effects and pharmacokinetic difficulties is a desirable goal. Phytochemicals, which have been widely used by humans, can be used to fight a wide variety of ailments. Zingiber officinale, Gingeroids, Shogaoids, and Bornols were examined for memory problems. – Following the initial screening process, clinical trials are conducted in vitro. Intervening mechanisms like oxidative stress and apoptosis are among the most frequently addressed ones. A new study has linked Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis to signalling pathways. In vivo studies and clinical trials aid in the clarification of test findings and results scores in the area of cognitive functioning. Many conventional aspects of ginger intake in AD also appear in the current review. Ginger and its constituents' pharmacological and therapeutic properties will need to be studied in more depth in order to help treat and prevent memory problems.

Restoration of Forests: Human Concern

Dadhich Pragya, Jaiswal Poonam — Sun, 05 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Human depends upon the forest for their day-to-day need. The increasing population has caused the over-exploitation of natural forest resources. Initially, the rate of forest exploitation was balanced by the rate of natural restoration but in the last few centuries due to the population explosion and increased greed of humans, the rate of deforestation is far more than the rate of restoration, which results in the degradation of forests globally. Forest degradation is followed by many consequences including unavailability of forest goods and services, reduction in pollutant absorption by forests which in turn accelerate global warming, climate change, etc. There is an urgent need to conserve what we have left with and restore what we have lost otherwise the outcomes of human greed will be drastic.

Forest restoration is the process of improving the health, productivity, and array of life of a forest and re-establishes the integrity of the ecosystem. There are usually 4 strategies of restoration used according to the type of ecosystem and level of degradation, these are rehabilitation, reconstruction, reclamation, and replacement. Principles involved in restoration are ecological (benefit the environment), economical (economically support the community), and community-based (enhance the community values like integrity, etc.). Restoration varies from site to site, according to the environment and species present in the degraded ecosystem, it is a normal belief that species with larger seed sizes can withstand stress conditions, and tree legumes form the excellent primary introduction subjects in such areas due to their nitrogen-fixing ability. The process of restoration involves multiple steps and for a successful restoration project implementation of each step should be careful. As with any other project, restoration has its challenges like fund availability, exotic species, lack of support and awareness, etc.

Isolation and Diagnosis of Different Local Isolates of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae using DNA Sequencing

Haitham A. Majeed, Zena W. Al-jader — Sun, 05 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +0000

In this study, ten isolates of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated from the fruit market of Mosul city. The Isolates were identified by morphological and cultural, and biochemical tests. The results showed that these isolates belong to the genus Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Performing specific PCR using primers (SC2, SC1), purified genomic DNA from local Isolates were showed eight bands at one size (1178) base pairs. The sequence of nitrogen bases for specific PCR products for DNA samples purified from three elected local isolates was determined. The results of the analysis using the DNA BLAST/NCBI program showed a similarity in the ratio (99, 98, 87) % among local isolation sequences and standard strains sequences of Saccharomyces cerevisiae recorded in the gene bank.

Mathematics of Multisets

Dr. Kaushal Rana — Sun, 05 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Numerous fields of modern mathematics have developed in violation of the fundamental principles of a particular theory because the structures that are useful can be described in this manner. For example, modern non-Euclidean geometry is being developed due to the belief that it is the case it is impossible to establish it is true that the Parallel Axiom does not hold. Similar to multisets they are defined by the assumption that for a certain set a, elements x are repeated with a finite frequency. The term bags may also call multisets" but some view the term "bag" to be vulgar "heap", "bunch", "sample", "occurrence set", "weighted set", and "fireset" finitely repeated sets of elements. One argument against the idea of "bag" is vulgar enough is the fact that this word is a common English word that refers to something used to place objects in to transport the items around. In addition, in English mathematic literature, it is normal to employ simple terms like group set and ring, in contrast to other disciplines, where researchers develop lengthy new terms by joining Greek and Latin words together. Also, it is worth noting that the term "multiset" was coined by N.G. de Bruijn. In his well-known research, the first person who used multisets is Richard Dedekind. From a practical perspective, multisets are extremely beneficial structures used in many fields of mathematics and computer science. Primary factorization involves changing an integer with n > 0. This is an N-multiset, whose constituents are all primes. Every single multinomial f(x) with complex numbers linked is naturally in a multiset with "roots". Multisets also represent the zeros and poles of meromorphic functions. They also contain an invariant of matrices found in canonical form, and the invariant for infinite Abelian groups, for instance. The strings that end context grammars are the multiset that's created when the grammar isn't ambiguous. The processes that operate on the system can be considered multisets. The mathematical method of concurrency is to make the application of multisets. In social sciences, multisets are used to depict social structures.

Cryptological Mathematics

Dr. Kaushal Rana — Sun, 05 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The basis of cryptography is the requirement for different parties to share information, and only those international recipients have moved to the data. It is possible to achieve this in many other ways; the most common is to physically hide the data transmitted to all except those intended to receive it. Cryptography encompasses all methods of hiding the contents of messages, even if unauthorized third parties take over the message. It is possible to conclude that practices like disguised ink or small pin puncture over specified personality could be classified as cryptography. But this isn't the case as the attacker has not discovered the data that makes up the message but simply an additional disguise. These techniques, such as disguised ink, fall under the steganography umbrella. So, cryptography tries to provide the contents of a message inaccessible to any person who might intercept it but allows those who are intended to receive it to understand the significance of the content. The sender is able to encrypt the message while the recipient decrypts it. Apart from the security achieved through encryption, there are various other aspects of information security, such as authenticity, data integrity, and non-repudiation. Together, the fields that encompass various information security techniques are known as cryptography. The techniques and methods designed to attempt to reduce the effectiveness of cryptography are called cryptanalysis. Cryptology is a field of study that encompasses both cryptanalysis and cryptography. In the field of study of modern cryptology, it's important to know the strategies used in the field and the mathematical concepts utilized to study and improve the area. A large portion of applied mathematics in the modern age and, in particular, applied math has been centered on creating algorithms through which two parties can safely exchange information. Many of these algorithms have been released in the last 30 years; certain algorithms have been deemed insecure, while others have escaped examination for a long time. The algorithms, called key agreements, are particularly important due to their effectiveness for secure, fast encryption.

Evaluation of the Effect of Washing Pretreatment on The Reduction of Mesophyll and Thermophile Spores in the Apple Juice Product

Mon, 06 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Juice is an important part of modern diets and drinks in many countries around the world, especially for the needy, such as the sick, the elderly, pregnant women, and children. This study aimed to investigate and compare the effect of using parasitic acid, distilled water, and 80% Tween as a detergent in removing and reducing the number of spores of mesospheric bacteria and thermophiles' in apple juice products. In this research, a quantitative method and a measuring tool have been used. The statistical population of healthy apple samples from the fields was prepared in such a way that at least 9 apples of equal size and weight are available for each repetition of the experiment. The samples were stored in the refrigerator until the experiment. Each shipment of apples was divided into three equal groups in terms of the number and weight of apples in the group and each group received the appropriate washing treatment. The results showed that the difference in 80% Tween yield in removing spores from apple surface compared to the other two treatments had a confidence level of more than 99% and the effect of peracetic acid treatment in removing mesophyll spores was not significantly different from distilled water treatment. As a result, counting mesospheric and thermophiles' spores in apple washing solution showed a significant difference in yield of 80% Tween with both other treatments and its surface activity caused its good performance in separating spores from the fruit surface compared to the other two treatments.

Extraction of Natural Product from Plant Source from Cassia Glauca

Dr. Pramod Kumar Singh, Pushkar Pratap Tiwari — Wed, 15 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Having D-galacto-D-mannan constitute in structure and in molar ratio of 1:2, a new polysaccharide has been isolated from ripe seeds of Cassia glauca¹ Hydorlysis of methylated polysaccharide gave 2,3,4,6 tetra O methyl-D-galactose, 2,3 di- O methyl-D mannose and 2,3,6, tri-O- methyl D- mannose in the molar ratio of 1:1:1 respectively. Both periodate oxidation and methylation studies indicated 32.84% of end group. This shows similarity with the structure of polysaccharide obtained from Guar gum. The above findings together with date of oligosaccharide formed on partial acid catalysed hydrolysis showed the galacto-mannan to consist of a linear chain (14) linked-ß- mannopyranosyl residues some of which are substituted at 6 positions by galactopyranosyl unit, glycosidically. This polysaccharide in non-ionic in nature & having presence of D-glactose in the peripheral position.

Treatment of Alzheimer Disease with Anti-Diabetic Medications

Wed, 15 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +0000

AD and T2DM are widespread among elderly globally. Epidemiological studies suggest T2DM causes AD. AD brains have reduced glucose uptake, indicating insulin resistance. A plaques and tau tangles are AD pathology. Insulin resistance in T2DM directly exacerbates A and tau pathologies, while synaptic dysfunction, inflammation, and autophagy impairments are common to both illnesses and indirectly impact A and tau neuronal activity. Understanding how these diseases are linked can help find novel Alzheimer's drug targets.

Fuzzy Logic Based Diagnostic System for Immunodeficiency and Tumor Threat in Space

Areeba Shamsi, S. K. Jain, Sanjeev Kumar — Wed, 15 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Fuzzy logic is now frequently utilized in medical diagnostic control systems, including diabetes, dysplasia prediction, tumor progression, and so on. Many studies have been published that use fuzzy logic models to predict the structure and content of proteins and amino acids. RBCs, neutrophils, protein, eosinophils and lymphocytes were used as input variables in a fuzzy logic-based system recently developed to identify haemorrhage and brain tumor disorders. The immune system for the preservation of the human body was designed using the projected capabilities of the Fuzzy Cognitive Map (FCM). The neuro-medical area has adopted fuzzy modeling approaches to assess the FL based on facial expressions and human behavior. As a result, an effort has been made to build a diagnosis system for immunodeficiency and tumor growth in space based on this research.

Effect of Diode Laser on Antibiotic Sensitivity and Biofilm Formation by Streptococcus Spp. Isolated from Dental Caries

Saja Ali Shareef, Aya Saadoon Dawood, Reem Naeem Al-Azzawi — Wed, 15 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Streptococci from dental caries were isolated and identified during this study. The samples were collected from different Dental clinics in Baghdad. Cultural, morphological and biochemical test were used to identify all isolates, the results showed that all isolates belong to Streptococcus spp

The susceptibility of 10 isolates toward 10 of common antibiotics, was tested, results showed that several isolates of Streptococcus spp. Isolated from dental caries were resistant to most of the antibiotics used. The percentages of resistance were 100% of isolates resistant to cephalothin and cefixime, 90% of isolates resistant to ampicillin, naldixic acid and erythromycin, 70% of isolates resistant to bacitracin and tetracycline, while 100% of isolates sensitive to gentamycin, ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol.

The susceptibility to antibiotics of two isolates after exposure to diode laser was increased toward chloramphenicol, tetracycline and naldixic acid. Two isolates showed increased susceptibility to chloramphenicol after I minute from exposure to diode laser.

Also two isolates showed increased susceptibility to naldixic acid after 3 minute from exposure to diode lases. The increasing susceptibility to tetracycline begin after 10 minute for second isolate, while first isolate showed increased susceptibility to tetracycline after 5 minute from exposure to diode laser. Also the diode laser affected on viability of bacteria that increased with increased time of exposure.

First New Record and Molecular Identification of Helvella bachu (Ascomycetes) Isolated from Iraq/Mosul

Jehaan Mowafak Al-Rawi, Shimal Younis Abdul-Hadi — Fri, 17 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +0000

In this study, Helvella mushroom fruiting bodies samples were collected from the Nimrud area, which is located in the south of Mosul - Iraq. These samples were morphologically diagnosed based on the shape and color of the fruiting body and the shape of the ripples, while microscopically diagnosed based on the shape of cysts and ascospores, then they were molecularly diagnosed by DNA sequence data, from F- ITS1 and R- ITS4 nuclear regions. The phylogenetic analyses emphasize that there is a strongly propped lineages conformable to morphological features. As a result of our study we recorded a new rare species of Helvella mushroom in Iraq after China, then we described the distributions and ecology of the new species.

A Review on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning to Improve Cancer Management and Drug Discovery

Roshan Kumar, Purabi Saha — Sat, 25 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Typical pharmacological effect screening techniques use diluted natural ingredients that do not segregate active components. For the last two decades, contemporary medicine has identified and isolated potent active isomeric compounds. Multi-target therapies were a novel notion in the mid-2000s, but they will be one of the more critical advancements in developing drugs in 2021. Target-based drug development for effective natural anticancer therapeutics based on well-defined fragments is being researched instead of naturally occurring combinations. This paper highlights computer-aided/fragment-based structure deconstruction and an inter method for natural anticancer medicines. The use of computer-aided drug development has increased (CADD). This study focused on antitumor agents and computer-aided drug development.

Rhododendron Arboreum Phytochemistry, Medicinal Applications and Pharmacology: A Review

Shubhi Agarwal, Anurita Rajput — Sat, 25 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Rhododendron is a tiny evergreen tree with deep red or pastel pink blossoms from the Ericaceae family. The species is extensively distributed between 80°N and 20°S and is the national flower of Nepal and state flower of Himachal Pradesh (India). Besides its horticultural function, it's utilized as an attractive plant in gardens, roadways, and vessels. Because of its phytochemical potential, it's used to treat ailments. Mountain people use this plant's flowers to create pickle, juice, jam, syrup, honey, squash, etc., and to treat diarrhoea, headache, and inflammation, bacterial and fungal illnesses. The present review highlights Rhododendron's medicinal, nutritional, and prospective capabilities by developing value-added goods to improve the rural tribal population's livelihood and work chances.

A Review on Anti-Cancer Activity of Benzopyrazole and Thiazolidine-4-One Nucleus

Wed, 22 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The review covers recent information about antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anticonvulsant, antidiabetic, antiparasitic, antimicrobial, antitubercular and antiviral properties of thiazolidin-4-ones. Additionally, the influence of different substituents in molecules on their biological activity was discussed in this paper. Thus, this study may help to optimize the structure of thiazolidin-4-one derivatives as more efficient drug agents. Presented information may be used as a practical hint for rational design of new small molecules with biological activity, especially among thiazolidin-4-ones. The anticancer drug research and development is taking place in the direction where the new entities are developed which are low in toxicity and are with improved activity. Benzoxazole and its derivative represent a very important class of heterocyclic compounds, which have a diverse therapeutic area. Recently, many active compounds synthesized are very effective; natural products isolated with benzoxazole moiety have also shown to be potent towards cancer.

A Review On: Process Validation and Quality Parameters of Atorvastatin Calcium

Sat, 18 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Atorvastatin is a selective competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase. It reduces total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL). HMG CoA reductase catalyzes the HMG CoA to mevolanate, which is the limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also reduces the VLDL cholesterol and triglyceride. The present research work focused process validation for Atorvastatin 10 mg. Validation is best viewed as an impartment and integral part of cGMP. Validation is therefore one element of quality assurance programs associated with a particular process. Quality cannot be assured only by doing finished product testing and in process monitoring but it should be built into the manufacturing process. So, building of quality require a special attention to a few factors like selection of material, process design, control variables, in process control and finished product testing. In this study three initial batch of Atorvastatin Calcium with same amount, method, equipment & validation criteria were taken. Various critical parameters during identification, determination of sodium content, determination of volatile matter, enantiomeric purity by HPLC, bulk and tapped density stages were identified and evaluated as per validation protocol. The outcomes of the entire process indicate that process validation data provides a high degree of assurance that the manufacturing process will produce a product meeting its predetermined specification and quality attributes.

A Review on the Role of Pharmacognosy in Pharmacy Field

Sun, 22 May 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Pharmacognosy is the origin of pharmacy. This review describes pharmacognosy and discusses its justification in pharmacy education and medication development under its impact. The article defines pharmacognosy's status quo and analyses its parts (biology, chemistry, production, and technology). It proves that whether a novel medication is synthesised or extracted from nature is irrelevant. The overview follows pharmacognosy's methodology (usage of faster and more effective phyto-analytical methods, reverse pharmacology, and reverse pharmacognosy, in silico methods). Pharmacognosy has three important difficulties in the 21st century: evaluating ethnopharmacological sources, nutraceuticals, and marine species. University education should reflect these changes. In some locations, the educational system isn't ready for the times. Adopt a multifaceted perspective toward biogenic material and use its links to educate modern pharmacy.

A Study on the Influences of Rainfall on Agriculture Using the IDF Curve

Ajay Kumar, Shikha Bora, Netrapal Sharma, Satpal Singh Bisht — Wed, 22 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +0000

India's Earth Sciences Ministry oversees IMD Predicting quakes. Antarctica, India. Chennai, Mumbai, Kolkata, Nagpur. Persian Gulf, Bengal Bay 1875: India Meteorological Department founded. IDF curves show minute-to-minute precipitation (mm/h) (years). Conventional IDF covers 5-to-24-hour rainfall with 2-to-100-year return durations. Stream flow, runoff channeling, and floods use high-rainfall infrastructure. Storm water engineering uses IDF curves Meteorology.

Clinical Efficacy of Hybrid of Ampicillin and Sultamicillin: A Review

Babita Patial, Poonam Dogra, Sanjay Kumar, Mohit Sharma, Anil Kumar — Wed, 22 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Emergence of lactamase-mediated resistance to β-lactam antibiotics among respiratory infections threatens the utilisation of clinically effective and well-tolerated lactam medicines. This article reassesses the clinical utility of ampicillin in conjunction with the β- lactamase inhibitor sulbactam in treating upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Clinical trials and meta-analyses show that ampicillin/sulbactam and sultamicillin are efficacious and well-tolerated in adults and children.

A Review of Immune Blockade Safety and Antitumor Activity of Dostarlimab Therapy in Endometrial Cancer

Wed, 22 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Endometrial cancer is the most prevalent form of gynecologic cancer in the United States, and the annual incidence rates are only expected to continue rising. The majority of women arrive with symptoms that are early in the illness's progression; nevertheless, severe disease bears a far more dire prognosis. As a direct consequence of this, new therapeutic approaches are now being researched for the purpose of treating endometrial cancer. These advancements include a greater knowledge of the genetic underpinnings around the development of endometrial cancer, new molecular targets for the therapy of this illness, and newer surgical approaches. This review is an analysis of the published research on the various developments of endometrial cancer.

As Medicinal and Chemical use of Plant Extracts in many Efficient Chemical Moity and it’s Metabolites Estimation

Pramod Kumar Singh, Pushkar Pratap Tiwari, Prashant Singh, Ashish Dwivedi — Sat, 25 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Different species of cassia found in Allabhad are consumed as daily vegetables have high nutritional value. Most of them are underutilized and display varied etheno medicinal values. The work was carried out with an aim to document three ethno medicinal properties of three different species of Cassia, Cassia fistula, Cassia siamea and Cassia ovata. The documentation was done among 100 tribal people residing in the area near U. P & M. P. border area. The knowledge revealed that the three plants were used in almost every tribal houses as a dietary supplement and various medicinal uses. According to the Munda Vaidya’s the plant Cassia is of pitta nature and its different part have different uses. The root is used against tuberculosis glands, diabetes, as a tonic, the root and bark paste mixed in equal amount is used against snake bite. Traditionally it is used as laxative, for the treatment of leprosy and various skin disorders. The present study aimed to screen and quantify primary and secondary metabolite by quantitative and qualitative method. The pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoid) were characterised by UV visible spectroscopy. Concentration of chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b and carotenoid was calculated by Arnon method (80% acetone extract). The spectrophotometric study of the different pigment of the three species of Cassia, Cassiaf istula(chl-a 254.516, chl-b 305.741, total chl 533.7 carotenoid 10.6),Cassia siamea (chl-a 257.88, chl-b 393.16, total chl 630.2 carotenoid 9.395),Cassia ovata (chl-a 266.36, chl-b 271.96, total chl 538.32carotenoid16.3).The result revealed thatchl-a was highest in Cassia ovata followed by Cassia siamea and Cassia fistula. Chl-b pigment followed C siamea>C fistula>C torapattern,total chl C siemea>C ovata>C fistulaand the carotenoid amount C ovata> C fistula> C siamea. In screening of secondary metabolites tannin, saponins alkaloids, terpenoids, resin Phyto-sterols were carried out on the aqueous extract showed +ve test for all except phyto-sterols and on the powdered specimen gave –ve result in aqueous ethanol as well as acetone extract.

Foods Bio-preservation : A Review

Alyaa Razooqi Hussein — Wed, 25 May 2022 00:00:00 +0000

In developed countries, the danger of food-borne illness and product deterioration has been reduced thanks to advances in food processing technology and microbiological food safety standards. However, this risk has not been eradicated entirely. Biopreservation is a method of preserving food that makes advantage of the antibacterial capabilities of naturally occurring organisms and the metabolites produced by them. This method is also known as "living preservation." The efficiency of biological antimicrobial systems such as lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and/or their bacteriocins, in addition to other metabolites, is essential to the biopreservation of a wide variety of foods. This biopreservation technique is also known as cold storage. As a result of the growing desire for natural foods among consumers, it is of the utmost significance to conduct research on and develop natural and efficient food preservation components as a replacement for artificial preservatives. This review was conducted with the intention of shedding light on natural food preservatives such as LAB bacteriocins, organic acids, plant essential oils, salts, and sugars.

Possibility of Using Types of Filamentous Fungi in The Treatment of Domestic Wastewater and Evaluating Its Efficiency

Mohammed Ghadban Farhan, Hawazin Ahmed Abid, Esraa Salman Dellas — Thu, 23 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The current study was conducted to show the extent to which filamentous fungi can be used as a step in the biological treatment stage of Domestic wastewater and to evaluate its efficiency in removing and reducing pollutants in this water and improving its quality. Three types of filamentous fungi Penicillium, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terrus were used for the purpose of using them in biological treatment , the study included conducting some physical and chemical tests for domestic wastewater before and after treatment, as the results of the study showed the ability of Penicillium mushrooms to reduce the electrical conductivity value of water after treatment to 950 micro siemens/cm, with a percentage of 8% and the value of nitrite to 0.91 mg/liter with percentage of 93%, and the value of phosphate to 0.014 mg/liter, with percentage of 98%. While the fungus Aspergillus terrus showed the ability to reduce the conductivity value to 990 μs/cm, with percentage of 5%, nitrite value to 0.039 mg/l with a percentage of 97%, and the value of phosphate to 0.005 mg/l, with percentage of 99%. The study also showed the ability of the fungus Aspergillus flavus to reduce the value of electrical conductivity to 1014 μS/cm with a Apercentage of 2%, while the mushroom showed the ability to reduce the value of nitrite.030 mg/liter with Apercentage of 98%, and the value of phosphate in treated water to 0.005 mg/liter with a percentageof 99%.

Effect of Electromagnetic (Non-Ionizing Radiation) Waves on Germination and Some of Productivity Traits for Bread Wheat (Adana 99)

Nahla Salim Hammok — Fri, 24 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Pollution by electromagnetic waves has become like other pollutants, especially with the increase in the number of communication towers as a result of technical progress and the development of communication networks. The seeds were treated with electromagnetic waves at the following distances (0,10,30,50 cm) and for a period of (0,15,30,60 min).

The experiment recorded a significant decrease in the traits of spike weight and spike length with different distances from the source of electromagnetic waves, while the effect of distances was not significant on the rest of the traits. The exposure periods also recorded a significant decrease in plant height (cm), plant dry weight (gm) and spike length (cm). The number of grains/spike and the weight of 10 spikes (g). While the exposure periods were not significant with the trait of germination percentage and spike weight. The interaction between periods of exposure to electromagnetic waves × distances was also recorded as significant change between the zero distance × all exposure periods for all traits except for the percentage of germination and significant interaction between the distance 10 × all exposure periods for the traits of the weight of the spike and the number of grains / spike, and the interaction was also significant between the distance 30 × all periods of exposure to the characteristic of the dry weight of the plant and the weight of the spike (g) and the number of grains / spike, as well as the significant interaction between the distance 50 × all exposure periods for the characteristic of the number of seeds grains/spike and weight 10 spikes. the electromagnetic waves did not kill the wheat seeds, but left negative effects on the production elements of wheat and that the amount of damage depends on the exposure period and the distance from the source of the waves.

Y-STR Haplotype Diversity and Population Data for Al-Anbar in Iraq

Sat, 25 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +0000

In this study, a sample of 112 Al-Anbar Iraq population was analysed using 17 Y- chromosome short tandem repeat (STR) polymorphisms. A total of 112 different haplotypes were identified, 67 unique haplotype and 45 shred. The high haplotype diversity (0.988) supports the usefulness of Y-STR markers in Al-Anbar of Iraq population diversity investigation. DC was 0.598214 Our results suggest a close genetic relationship between Al-Anbar and other populations of the Arabian Peninsula, and an even more pronounced similarity of Kuwaiti populations and Yemenis and Saudi Arabians.

Correlation Between Serum Inhibin and FSH Levels in Women with Different Reproductive Disorders

Reem M. Obaid , Sanaa Hussein Ali, Haneen Mushtaq Hameed — Sat, 25 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Inhibin was first identified as a gonadal factor that inhibits FSH (inhibin- B) and LH (inhibin- A) synthesis at the pituitary which proved by tissue culture. During the later years, the role of FSH was defined and the role of inhibin to control FSH biosynthesis and secretion was cleard. Inhibin is a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) superfamily which includes molecules like activin . Inhibin is similar to activin in structure with both having β- subunits . Inhibin -B blocks the ability of activin to induce FSH secretion by blocking the activin-receptor interaction. In the female the ovary is the major source of inhibin synthesis , the granulosa cells in developing follicles , or lutein cells in the corpus luteum are the major source of inhibin. The study aimed to measure the level of inhibin hormone in normal and abnormal adult women, study the changes in inhibin hormone level and to explain the relationship between these changes and different pathological conditions. The experimental groups used consists of 80 women aged between 20-52 years old, which divided into: women with normal menstrual cycle, women with irregular menses, women with polycystic ovary and women with amenorrhea. The study demonstrated that inhibin- B concentrations negatively correlated with FSH concentrations in normal and abnormal patients .However in infertile patients, inhibin– B was significantly decreased and FSH was significantly increased . While in normal patients the result was found to be opposite of abnormal patients . These results suggest that the physiologically important hormone that exerts tonic negative feedback upon FSH secretion is inhibin- B.

Article Review: Immune Response against Some Bacterial Toxins

Zainab Zamel Khalaf, Heba Khaleel Tawfeeq — Wed, 22 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Bacterial toxins are considered to be virulence factors due to the fact that they interfere with the normal processes of the host cell in which they are found. The interplay between the infectious processes of bacteria and the immune system is what causes this impact. In this discussion, we are going to focus on bacterial toxins that act in the extracellular environment, especially on those that impair the activity of macrophages and neutrophils. These toxins are of particular interest since they may be found in a wide variety of bacteria. We will be concentrating our efforts, in particular, on the toxins that are generated by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These toxins are able to interact with and have an effect on the many different types of immune cells. We utilize the Shiga toxin, cholera toxin (CT), and pertussis toxin as examples of Gram-negative toxins (PT). As examples of Gram Positive toxins, we use Alpha toxin, anthrax toxin, and botulinum toxin (BONT). In total, we look at six different types of bacterial toxins. According to the findings of the study, Shiga toxins, which are associated with the production of cytokines, chemokines, and macrophages, might thus result in post-translational modification. The cholera toxin induced a mucosal response that was mediated by secretory IgA, whereas the pertussis toxin inhibited the migration of macrophages and interacted with phagocytosis. The process by which cells take in and digest foreign material is called phagocytosis. It was revealed that S. aureus bacteremia led to an increase in the number of Th17 cells, while at the same time alpha-toxin led to a decrease in the number of Th1 cells. The anthrax toxin inhibits the synthesis of cytokines and chemokines, both of which are involved in the inflammatory response. This, in turn, causes the death of macrophages by necrosis and apoptosis. When being treated with BoNT, it was found that cells produced elevated amounts of TNF and NO in a dose-dependent way. This was determined after the cells were exposed to BoNT. This was the conclusion reached.

Factors Influencing the Consumption of Soft Drinks in Bengaluru Metropolitan

Sediq Omar Roshan, Saifullah Mangal, Hakimullah Abid — Sun, 26 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Soft drink is more favourite refreshment drink compared to tea, coffee or other beverages. The total soft drinks market is estimated to be more than 280 million crates a year and the market is highly seasonal in nature with consumption varying from 25 million crates per month during peak season to 15 million during off-season. Bangalore being the fastest growing city of India, the research on consumer preference for soft drinks survey of 95 consumers was undertaken in selected diverse localities of Bengaluru Metropolitan. Factor analysis was used to define variability between observed correlated variables in terms of potentially lower number of unobserved variables called factors. The result of the study revealed that products features (factor 1) with variables like “refreshment ”, “taste” and “availability of soft drinks” had Eigen value of 2.063, meaning that, “refreshment ”, “taste” and “availability” were substantially loaded on factor 1, considered major influencing factor followed by factor 2 and factor 3 respectively.