Incidence and Etiology of Various Cancers in Kashmir Valley- A Comprehensive Review of Literature
Keywords:
Cancer, Kashmir, Etiology, Environmental factorsAbstract
Cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality all over the world. All types of cancers have been reported in Kashmir valley (India) including the cancers of skin, head and neck, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary system, lungs, breast, thyroid, skin, blood etc. The interplay between genetic susceptibility and environmental factors is the basis of cancer etiopathogenisis. Cancer trends in Kashmir valley appear to be different from rest of the India, given its different socio-religious practices, food habits and may be geography (though not established yet). The aim of this article is to do a comprehensive review of literature about incidence and etiology of different types of cancers in Kashmir valley with identification of future research focus areas.
Downloads
References
Fitzmaurice, C., Dicker, D., Pain, A., Hamavid, H., Moradi-Lakeh, M., MacIntyre, M. F., Allen, C., Hansen, G., Woodbrook, R., Wolfe, C., Hamadeh, R. R., Moore, A., Werdecker, A., Gessner, B. D., Te Ao, B., McMahon, B., Karimkhani, C., Yu, C., Cooke, G. S., … Naghavi, M. (2015). The Global Burden of Cancer 2013. JAMA Oncology, 1(4), 505-527. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.0735
Parikh, P. M., Ranade, A. A., Govind, B., Ghadyalpatil, N., Singh, R., Bharath, R., Bhattacharyya, G. S., Koyande, S., Singhal, M., Vora, A., Verma, A., & Hingmire, S. (2016). Lung cancer in India: Current status and promising strategies. South Asian Journal of Cancer, 5(3), 93–95. https://doi.org/10.4103/2278-330X.187563
World Health Organization (2018). WHO/home/newsroom/facts sheets/details/cancer.
Agnihotri, V., Gupta, A., Kumar, R., Upadhyay, A. D., Dwivedi, S., Kumar, L., & Dey, S. (2017). Promising link of HLA-G polymorphism, tobacco consumption and risk of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) in North Indian population. Human Immunology, 78(2), 172–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humimm.2016.12.007
Wani, M., Jan, F., Khan, N., Pandita, K., Khurshid, R., & Khan, S. (2014). Cancer trends in Kashmir; common types, site incidence and demographic profiles: National Cancer Registry 2000-2012. Indian Journal of Cancer, 51(2), 133-137. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-509X.138188
Hassan, I., Zeerak, S., Kuchay, S., Bashir, S., Bhat, Y., Mubashir, S., Rasool, F., Sheikh, G., & Sajad, P. (2017). Cutaneous changes in internal malignancy: Study from a tertiary care center. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology, 83(2), 276. https://doi.org/10.4103/0378-6323.196321
Kasana, B. A., Dar, W. R., Aziz, S. A., Lone, A. R., Sofi, N. U., Dar, I. A., Latief, M., Arshad, F., Hussain, M., & Hussain, M. (2016). Epidermal growth factor receptor mutation in adenocarcinoma lung in a North Indian population: Prevalence and relation with different clinical variables. Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology : Official Journal of Indian Society of Medical & Paediatric Oncology, 37(3), 189–195. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-5851.190356
Yasmeen, J., Qurieshi, M. A., Manzoor, N. A., Asiya, W., & Ahmad, S. Z. (2010). Community-based screening of cervical cancer in a low prevalence area of India: a cross sectional study. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention : APJCP, 11(1), 231–234.
Stewart BW, Kleihues P. World cancer report. Lyon: WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2003.
Gaur, D. S., Kishore, S., Harsh, M., Kusum, A., & Bansal, R. (2006). Pattern of cancers amongst patients attending Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Dehradun. Indian Journal of Pathology & Microbiology, 49(2), 193–198.
Pandith, A. A., & Siddiqi, M. A. (2012). Burden of cancers in the valley of Kashmir: 5 year epidemiological study reveals a different scenario. Tumour Biology : the Journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine, 33(5), 1629–1637. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-012-0418-z
Dhar, G. M., Shah, G. N., Naheed, B., & Hafiza (1993). Epidemiological trend in the distribution of cancer in Kashmir Valley. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 47(4), 290–292. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.47.4.290
Rasool, M. T., Lone, M. M., Wani, M. L., Afroz, F., Zaffar, S., & Mohib-ul Haq, M. (2012). Cancer in Kashmir, India: burden and pattern of disease. Journal of cancer research and therapeutics, 8(2), 243–246. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1482.98978
Ayub, S. G., Ayub, T., Khan, S. N., Rasool, S., Mahboob-ul-Hussain, Wani, K. A., Kuchay, S., Lone, M. M., & Andrabi, K. I. (2011). Epidemiological distribution and incidence of different cancers in Kashmir valley--2002-2006. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP, 12(7), 1867–1872.
Qurieshi, M. A., Masoodi, M. A., Kadla, S. A., Ahmad, S. Z., & Gangadharan, P. (2011). Gastric cancer in kashmir. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP, 12(1), 303–307.
R.J., Harris (1970). Cancer & the Environment. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 1, 59-65.
Doll, R., & Peto, R. (1981). The causes of cancer: quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 66(6), 1191–1308.
Anand, P., Kunnumakkara, A. B., Sundaram, C., Harikumar, K. B., Tharakan, S. T., Lai, O. S., Sung, B., & Aggarwal, B. B. (2008). Cancer is a preventable disease that requires major lifestyle changes. Pharmaceutical research, 25(9), 2097–2116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-008-9661-9
Willett W. C. (2000). Diet and cancer. The oncologist, 5(5), 393–404. https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.5-5-393
Bingham, S. A., Hughes, R., & Cross, A. J. (2002). Effect of white versus red meat on endogenous N-nitrosation in the human colon and further evidence of a dose response. The Journal of nutrition, 132(11 Suppl), 3522S–3525S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/132.11.3522S
Chao, A., Thun, M. J., Connell, C. J., McCullough, M. L., Jacobs, E. J., Flanders, W. D., Rodriguez, C., Sinha, R., & Calle, E. E. (2005). Meat consumption and risk of colorectal cancer. JAMA, 293(2), 172–182. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.293.2.172
Hogg N. (2007). Red meat and colon cancer: heme proteins and nitrite in the gut. A commentary on "diet-induced endogenous formation of nitroso compounds in the GI tract". Free radical biology & medicine, 43(7), 1037–1039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.07.006
Rodriguez, C., McCullough, M. L., Mondul, A. M., Jacobs, E. J., Chao, A., Patel, A. V., Thun, M. J., & Calle, E. E. (2006). Meat consumption among Black and White men and risk of prostate cancer in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology, 15(2), 211–216. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0614
García-Closas, R., García-Closas, M., Kogevinas, M., Malats, N., Silverman, D., Serra, C., Tardón, A., Carrato, A., Castaño-Vinyals, G., Dosemeci, M., Moore, L., Rothman, N., & Sinha, R. (2007). Food, nutrient and heterocyclic amine intake and the risk of bladder cancer. European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990), 43(11), 1731–1740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2007.05.007
Tappel A. (2007). Heme of consumed red meat can act as a catalyst of oxidative damage and could initiate colon, breast and prostate cancers, heart disease and other diseases. Medical hypotheses, 68(3), 562–564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2006.08.025
O'Hanlon L. H. (2006). High meat consumption linked to gastric-cancer risk. The Lancet. Oncology, 7(4), 287. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(06)70638-6
Toporcov, T. N., Antunes, J. L., & Tavares, M. R. (2004). Fat food habitual intake and risk of oral cancer. Oral oncology, 40(9), 925–931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2004.04.007
Lauber, S. N., & Gooderham, N. J. (2007). The cooked meat derived genotoxic carcinogen 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine has potent hormone-like activity: mechanistic support for a role in breast cancer. Cancer research, 67(19), 9597–9602. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-1661
Durando, M., Kass, L., Piva, J., Sonnenschein, C., Soto, A. M., Luque, E. H., & Muñoz-de-Toro, M. (2007). Prenatal bisphenol A exposure induces preneoplastic lesions in the mammary gland in Wistar rats. Environmental health perspectives, 115(1), 80–86. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9282
Ho, S. M., Tang, W. Y., Belmonte de Frausto, J., & Prins, G. S. (2006). Developmental exposure to estradiol and bisphenol A increases susceptibility to prostate carcinogenesis and epigenetically regulates phosphodiesterase type 4 variant 4. Cancer research, 66(11), 5624–5632. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0516
Chandalia, M., Abate, N., Cabo-Chan, A. V., Jr, Devaraj, S., Jialal, I., & Grundy, S. M. (2003). Hyperhomocysteinemia in Asian Indians living in the United States. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 88(3), 1089–1095. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-021133
Khuroo, M. S., Zargar, S. A., Mahajan, R., & Banday, M. A. (1992). High incidence of oesophageal and gastric cancer in Kashmir in a population with special personal and dietary habits. Gut, 33(1), 11–15. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.33.1.11
Malik, G. M., Mubarik, M., Kadla, S. A., & Durrani, H. A. (2000). Gastric cancer profile in kashmiri population with special dietary habits. Diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy, 6(2), 83–86. https://doi.org/10.1155/DTE.6.83
Qurieshi, M. A., Masoodi, M. A., Kadla, S. A., Ahmad, S. Z., & Gangadharan, P. (2011). Gastric cancer in kashmir. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP, 12(1), 303–307.
Dikshit, R. P., Mathur, G., Mhatre, S., & Yeole, B. B. (2011). Epidemiological review of gastric cancer in India. Indian journal of medical and paediatric oncology : official journal of Indian Society of Medical & Paediatric Oncology, 32(1), 3–11. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-5851.81883
Center, M. M., Jemal, A., Smith, R. A., & Ward, E. (2009). Worldwide variations in colorectal cancer. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians, 59(6), 366–378. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.20038
Hammond, E. C., & Horn, D. (1958). Smoking and death rates: report on forty-four months of follow-up of 187,783 men. 2. Death rates by cause. Journal of the American Medical Association, 166(11), 1294–1308. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1958.02990110030007
Nafae, A., Misra, S. P., Dhar, S. N., & Shah, S. N. (1973). Bronchogenic carcinoma in Kashmir Valley. The Indian journal of chest diseases, 15(4), 285–295.
Ferguson, L. R., Chen, H., Collins, A. R., Connell, M., Damia, G., Dasgupta, S., Malhotra, M., Meeker, A. K., Amedei, A., Amin, A., Ashraf, S. S., Aquilano, K., Azmi, A. S., Bhakta, D., Bilsland, A., Boosani, C. S., Chen, S., Ciriolo, M. R., Fujii, H., Guha, G., … Maxwell, C. A. (2015). Genomic instability in human cancer: Molecular insights and opportunities for therapeutic attack and prevention through diet and nutrition. Seminars in cancer biology, 35 Suppl(Suppl), S5–S24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.03.005
Baan, R., Straif, K., Grosse, Y., Secretan, B., El Ghissassi, F., Bouvard, V., Altieri, A., Cogliano, V., & WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph Working Group (2007). Carcinogenicity of alcoholic beverages. The Lancet. Oncology, 8(4), 292–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(07)70099-2
Aziz, S. A., Hussain, K. S., Ahmad, K. N., Ahmed, M., Kharadi, M. Y., & Bhat, J. R. (1998). Profile of Kangari cancer: a prospecive study. Burns : journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries, 24(8), 763–766. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0305-4179(98)90094-8
Belpomme, D., Irigaray, P., Hardell, L., Clapp, R., Montagnier, L., Epstein, S., & Sasco, A. J. (2007). The multitude and diversity of environmental carcinogens. Environmental research, 105(3), 414–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2007.07.002
Anand, P., Kunnumakkara, A. B., Sundaram, C., Harikumar, K. B., Tharakan, S. T., Lai, O. S., Sung, B., & Aggarwal, B. B. (2008). Cancer is a preventable disease that requires major lifestyle changes. Pharmaceutical research, 25(9), 2097–2116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-008-9661-9
Mateen, F. J., & Brook, R. D. (2011). Air pollution as an emerging global risk factor for stroke. JAMA, 305(12), 1240–1241. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.352
Hogan CM (2010). Water pollution. Encyclopedia of Earth. Topic ed. Mark McGinley; ed. In Chief C. Cleveland. National Council on Science and the Environment, Washington, DC. pp. 70-190.
Pisani, P., Parkin, D. M., Muñoz, N., & Ferlay, J. (1997). Cancer and infection: estimates of the attributable fraction in 1990. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology, 6(6), 387–400.
IARC (1994) Hepatitis Viruses (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 59), Lyon, IARC Press.
IARC. (1994). Schistosomes, Liver Flukes and Helicobacter Pylori (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 61), Lyon, IARC
IARC. (1995). Human Papillomaviruses (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 64), Lyon, IARC Press.
IARC. (1996). Human Immunodeficiency Viruses and Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Viruses (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 67), Lyon, IARC Press .
IARC. (1997) Epstein-Barr Virus and Kaposi's Sarcoma Herpesvirus/Human Herpesvirus 8 (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 70), Lyon, IARC Press.
Rolón, P. A., Smith, J. S., Muñoz, N., Klug, S. J., Herrero, R., Bosch, X., Llamosas, F., Meijer, C. J., & Walboomers, J. M. (2000). Human papillomavirus infection and invasive cervical cancer in Paraguay. International journal of cancer, 85(4), 486–491.
Chey WD. (1999). Helicobacter pylori. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol , 2, 171-182.
Monson R. (1996). Occupation. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni, JF eds, Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, New York, Oxford University Press, pp. 373-405.
Pearce N, Matos E, Vainio H, Boffetta P, Kogevinas M, eds. (1994). Occupational Cancer in Developing Countries (IARC Scientific Publications, No. 129), Lyon, IARC Press.
Koutros, S., Alavanja, M. C., Lubin, J. H., Sandler, D. P., Hoppin, J. A., Lynch, C. F., Knott, C., Blair, A., & Freeman, L. E. (2010). An update of cancer incidence in the Agricultural Health Study. Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 52(11), 1098–1105. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0b013e3181f72b7c
Koutros, S., Lynch, C. F., Ma, X., Lee, W. J., Hoppin, J. A., Christensen, C. H., Andreotti, G., Freeman, L. B., Rusiecki, J. A., Hou, L., Sandler, D. P., & Alavanja, M. C. (2009). Heterocyclic aromatic amine pesticide use and human cancer risk: results from the U.S. Agricultural Health Study. International journal of cancer, 124(5), 1206–1212. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.24020
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.