Review Article: The Role of Bacterial Biofilms in Chronic Diseases
Keywords:
Bacterial biofilms, immune system, chronic diseases, diabetesAbstract
Diseases usually take place in individuals due to infection that can be occurs more than one time, and also can reach up to years, and the bacterial and microbial biofilms play main roles on more than 75% of the whole infections, these roles are responsible for many points such as creating chronic diseases, resistance the drug, effect the immune system, contaminating the medical equipments and devices, and clinical infections. The microbial biofilms can be single or accumulated in colonies and layers in the host, and cause the chronic diseases through weakening the immune system and even attack the antibiotic treatments that given to the patient and make it without advantage and cannot help in recovery. In this review, it was focused on how bacterial biofilms play an important role in foot ulcer in diabetic patients, and it was concluded that infections with microbial biofilms may leads to decrease the immune system and leads to chronic diseases.
Downloads
References
Juhas M. Horizontal gene transfer in human pathogens. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2015. 41(1):101-8. doi: 10.3109/1040841X.2013.804031.
Seitz P, Blokesch M. Cues and regulatory pathways involved in natural competence and transformation in pathogenic and environmental gram-negative bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2013. 37(3):336-63. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00353.x.
Nadell CD, Xavier JB, Foster KR. The Sociobiology of biofilms. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2009. 33(1):206-24. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00150.x.
Savage VJ, Chopra I, and O'Neill AJ. Staphylococcus aureus biofilms promote horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013. 57(4):1968-70. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02008-12.
Liao J, Schurr MJ, and Sauer K. The MerR-like regulator BrlR confers biofilm tolerance by activating multidrug efflux pumps in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. J Bacteriol, 2013. 195(15): 3352-63. doi: 10.1128/JB.00318-13.
Malik A, Mohammad Z, Ahmad J. The Diabetic foot infections: biofilms and antimicrobial resistance. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2013. 7(2):101-7. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2013.02.006.
Zhao G, Usui ML, Lippman SI, et al. Biofilms and Inflammation in Chronic Wounds. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle). 2013. 2(7):389-399. doi: 10.1089/wound.2012.0381.
McInnes RL, Cullen BM, Hill KE, et al. Contrasting host immuno-inflammatory responses to bacterial challenge within venous and diabetic ulcers. Wound Repair Regen. 2014. 22(1):58-69. doi: 10.1111/wrr.12133.
Veerachamy S, Yarlagadda T, Manivasagam G, Yarlagadda PK. Bacterial adherence and biofilm formation on medical implants: a review. Proc Inst Mech Eng H, 2014. 228(10): 1083-99. doi: 10.1177/0954411914556137.
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/a/a7/Structuralbiofilm.gif
https://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-anaerobic-infection.htm
Dowd, S.E.; Wolcott, R.D.; Sun, Y.; McKeehan, T.; Smith, E.; Rhoads, D. Polymicrobial nature of chronic diabetic foot ulcer biofilm infections determined using bacterial tag encoded FLX amplicon pyrosequencing (bTEFAP). PLoS ONE 2008, 3, e3326.
Park, S.; Rich, J.; Hanses, F.; Lee, J.C. Defects in innate immunity predispose C57BL/6J-Leprdb/Leprdb mice to infection by Staphylococcus aureus. Infect. Immun. 2009, 77, 1008–1014. [CrossRef]
Ndosi, M.; Wright-Hughes, A.; Brown, S.; Backhouse, M.; Lipsky, B.A.; Bhogal, M.; Reynolds, C.; Vowden, P.; Jude, E.B.; Nixon, J.; et al. Prognosis of the infected diabetic foot ulcer: A 12-month prospective observational study. Diabet. Med. 2018, 35, 78–88.
Lecube, A.; Pachón, G.; Petriz, J.; Hernández, C.; Simó, R. Phagocytic activity is impaired in type 2 diabetes mellitus and increases after metabolic improvement. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, e23366.
Pereira, S.G.; Moura, J.; Carvalho, E.; Empadinhas, N. Microbiota of Chronic Diabetic Wounds: Ecology, Impact, and Potential for Innovative Treatment Strategies. Front. Microbiol. 2017, 8, 1791.
Gardiner, M.; Vicaretti, M.; Sparks, J.; Bansal, S.; Bush, S.; Liu, M.; Darling, A.; Harry, E.; Burke, C.M. A longitudinal study of the diabetic skin and wound microbiome. PeerJ 2017, 5, e3543.
Malone, M.; Johani, K.; Jensen, S.O.; Gosbell, I.B.; Dickson, H.G.; Hu, H.; Vickery, K. Next Generation DNA Sequencing of Tissues from Infected Diabetic Foot Ulcers. EBioMedicine 2017, 21, 142–149.
MacDonald, A.; Brodell, J.D.; Daiss, J.L.; Schwarz, E.M.; Oh, I. Evidence of differential microbiomes in healing versus non-healing diabetic foot ulcers prior to and following foot salvage therapy. J. Orthop. Res. 2019, 37, 1596–1603. [CrossRef]
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/microbiology/chapter/drug-resistance/
https://www.niaid.nih.gov/research/antimicrobial-resistance-causes
Wolcott, R.D.; Hanson, J.D.; Rees, E.J.; Koenig, L.D.; Philips, C.D.; Wolcott, R.A.; Cox, S.B.; White, J.S. Analysis of the chronic wound microbiota of 2,963 patients by 16S rDNA pyrosequencing. Wound Repair Regen. 2016, 24, 163–174.
Jneid, J.; Cassir, N.; Schuldiner, S.; Jourdan, N.; Sotto, A.; Lavigne, J.P.; La Scola, B. Exploring the microbiota of diabetic foot infections with culturomics. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol. 2018, 8, 282.
Bowler, P.G.; Duerden, B.I.; Armstrong, D.G. Wound Microbiology and Associated Approaches to Wound Management. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2001, 14, 244–269.
Oates, A.; Bowling, F.L.; Boulton, A.J.M.; McBain, A.J. Molecular and culture-based assessment of the microbial diversity of diabetic chronic foot wounds and contralateral skin sites. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2012, 50, 2263–2271.
Gardner, S.E.; Hillis, S.L.; Heilmann, K.; Segre, J.A.; Grice, E.A. The neuropathic diabetic foot ulcer microbiome is associated with clinical factors. Diabetes 2013, 62, 923–930.
Percival, S.L.; Malone, M.; Mayer, D.; Salisbury, A.M.; Schultz, G. Role of anaerobes in polymicrobial communities and biofilms complicating diabetic foot ulcers. Int. Wound J. 2018, 15, 776–782.
Johnson, T.R.; Gómez, B.I.; McIntyre, M.K.; Dubick, M.A.; Christy, R.J.; Nicholson, S.E.; Burmeister, D.M. The Cutaneous Microbiome and Wounds: New Molecular Targets to Promote Wound Healing. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 2699.
https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/preventing-bacterial-infections-medical-devices
Yin, W.; Wang, Y.; Liu, L.; He, J. Biofilms: The microbial “protective clothing’ in extreme environments. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 3423.
Mottola, C.; Semedo-Lemsaddek, T.; Mendes, J.J.; Melo-Cristino, J.; Tavares, L.; Cavaco-Silva, P.; Oliveira, M. Molecular typing, virulence traits and antimicrobial resistance of diabetic foot staphylococci. J. Biomed. Sci 2016, 23, 33.
Kumar, D.; Banerjee, T.; Chakravarty, J.; Singh, S.K.; Dwivedi, A.; Tilak, R. Identification, antifungal resistance profile, in vitro biofilm formation and ultrastructural characteristics of Candida species isolated from diabetic foot patients in Northern India. Indian J. Med. Microbiol. 2016, 34, 308–314.
Pouget C , Dunyach-Remy C, Pantel A, Schuldiner S, Sotto A, et al. Biofilms in Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Significance and Clinical Relevance. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 1580; doi:10.3390/microorganisms8101580
Neut, D.; Tijdens-Creusen, E.J.; Bulstra, S.K.; van der Mei, H.C.; Busscher, H.J. Biofilms in chronic diabetic foot ulcers—A study of 2 cases. Acta Orthop. 2011, 82, 383–385.
Malik, A.; Mohammad, Z.; Ahmad, J. The diabetic foot infections: Biofilms and antimicrobial resistance. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. 2013, 7, 101–107. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Murali, T.S.; Kavitha, S.; Spoorthi, J.; Bhat, D.V.; Prasat, A.S.B.; Upton, Z.; Ramachandra, L.; Acharya, R.V.; Satyamoorthy, K. Characteristics of microbial drug resistance and its correlates in chronic diabetic foot ulcer infections. J. Med. Microbiol. 2014, 63, 1377–1385. [CrossRef]
Banu, A.; Noorul Hassan, M.M.; Rajkumar, J.; Srinivasa, S. Spectrum of bacteria associated with diabetic foot ulcer and biofilm formation: A prospective study. Australas. Med. J. 2015, 8, 280–285. [CrossRef]
Taha, O.A.; Connerton, P.L.; Connerton, I.F.; El-Shibiny, A. Bacteriophage ZCKP1: A potential treatment for Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from diabetic foot patients. Front. Microbiol. 2018, 9, 2127.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
editor@ijrasb.com 
